By Dr Frank Shostak
After closing at 0.53% in July 2020 the yield on the 10-year US T-Bond moved relentlessly higher closing on Tuesday September 28 2021 at 1.55%. There is a growing likelihood that the July 2020 figure of 0.53% might have been the lowest point.
As a rule, people assign a higher valuation to present goods versus future goods. This means that present goods are valued at a premium to future goods. This stems from the fact that a lender or investor gives up some benefits at present. Hence, the essence of the phenomenon of interest is the cost that a lender or an investor endures.
An individual who has just enough resources to keep him alive is unlikely to lend or invest his paltry means. The cost of lending, or investing, to him is likely to be very high – it might even cost him his life if he were to consider lending part of his means. Therefore, he is unlikely to lend, or invest even if offered a very high interest rate. Once his wealth starts to expand, the cost of lending, or investing, starts to diminish. Allocating some of his wealth towards lending or investment is going to undermine to a lesser extent our individual’s life and wellbeing at present.
From this we can infer, all other things being equal, that anything that leads to the expansion in the wealth of individuals gives rise to a decline in the interest rate i.e. the lowering of the premium of present goods versus future goods. Conversely, factors that undermine wealth expansion lead to a higher interest rate. Observe that whilst the increase in the pool of wealth is likely to be associated with a lowering in the interest rate, the converse is likely to take place with a decline in the pool of wealth.
People are likely to be less eager to increase their demand for various assets thus raising their demand for money relative to the previous situation. Within all other things being equal, this will manifest in the lowering of the demand for assets thus lowering their prices and raising their yields.
Note again, that increases in wealth tend to lower individuals’ time preferences whereas decreases in wealth tend to raise time preferences. The link however between changes in wealth and changes in time preferences is not automatic. Every individual decides how to allocate his wealth in accordance with his priorities.
Changes in money supply and interest rate
An increase in the supply of money, all other things being equal, means that those individuals whose money stock has increased are now much wealthier than before the increase in the money supply took place. Hence, this will likely set in motion a greater willingness by these individuals to purchase various assets. This leads to the lowering of the demand for money by these individuals. This in turn bids the prices of assets higher and lowers their yields.
At the same time the increase in the money supply sets in motion an exchange of nothing for something, which amounts to the diversion of wealth from wealth generators to non-wealth generators. The consequent weakening in the wealth formation process sets in motion a general rise in interest rates. This implies that an increase in the growth rate of money supply, all other things being equal sets in motion a temporary fall in interest rates. This decline in interest rates cannot be sustainable because of the damage to the process of wealth generation.
Conversely, a decline in the growth rate of money supply, all other things being equal, sets in motion a temporary increase in interest rates. However, over time, the fall in the money supply sets the foundation for a strengthening in the wealth formation process, which sets in motion a general fall in interest rates. We can thus see that the key for the determination of interest rates is individuals’ time preferences, which is manifested through the interaction of supply and demand for money. Also, note, that in this way of thinking the central bank has nothing to do with the underlying interest rates determination. The policies of the central bank only distort where interest rates should be in accordance with time preferences, thereby making it much harder for businesses to ascertain what is really going on.
Assessing historical long term yields trends
During the 1960 to 1979 the yields on the long-term US Treasury Bond had been following a visible uptrend (left chart). Since 1980 until now, the yields were following a downtrend (right chart).
During the period 1960 to 1979 we can also observe that the yearly growth rate of money supply (AMS) followed a visible uptrend (see chart). This caused a strong weakening in the wealth generation process on account of the exchange of nothing for something. We suggest that a weakening in the process of wealth generation due to the uptrend in the growth momentum of money supply lifted individuals’ time preferences that placed the underlying long-term yields on the rising trend.
The declining trend in the yearly growth rate of AMS that we can observe during 1980-2007 was instrumental in the strengthening of the process of wealth generation (see chart). This we suggest was an important factor for the declining trend in long-term yields during this period.
During the 2008 to 2011, the yearly growth rate of AMS followed a visible rising trend (see chart). This most likely undermined the process of wealth generation. The uptrend in the money supply growth rate had enriched the early recipients of the newly pumped money, and as a result, this had increased their demand for various financial assets including Treasuries, in the process lifting their prices and lowering their yields. Despite large increases in money supply, the early recipients of the monetary increases benefited by being ahead timewise of the overall wealth erosion effect. This in turn also prevented the upward pressure on interest rates.
However, since 2019 until February 2021, massive increases in money supply have likely severely undermined the process of wealth generation (see chart). Note that the yearly growth rate of AMS stood at 79% in February 2021. Also, note that the yearly increase in dollar terms stood at an unprecedented figure of $4.2 trillion in February 2021. If one adds to this the reckless fiscal policy of the government this we suggest has severely weakened the process of wealth generation and has likely placed long-term yields on a rising trend. We suspect this might have started in July 2020.
The erosion in wealth formation has already set in motion the weakening in economic activity and the decline in the momentum of inflationary bank lending. The decline in this type of lending is an important ingredient in the growth rate of money supply. The likely further decline in the pool of wealth raises the likelihood of a further decline in the growth rate of inflationary lending and the growth rate of money supply (see chart).
A fall in the growth rate of money supply is expected to weaken the wealth increase of the early recipients of money. Consequently, they are probably going to reduce their demand for financial assets i.e. exerting an upward pressure on yields. If the economic slump is going to be of a severe nature, this is going to result in a prolonged decline in the momentum of inflationary credit. Consequently, a strong decline in the money supply growth rate is expected to emerge. As a result, an uptrend in long-term rates could be of a long duration.
This uptrend is likely to take place despite the positive influence on the wealth generation process on account of the expected decline in the momentum of money supply. Note that the likely Fed’s and government policies to counter the emerging economic slump is going to delay the liquidation of various non-productive activities thereby slowing down the revival of the pool of wealth.
These activities also known as bubble activities have emerged on the back of loose monetary and fiscal policies. As a result, bubble activities are likely to continue to undermine the process of wealth generation. This in turn is going to prolong the bear market in Treasury Bonds.
Conclusion
We suggest that it is likely that the bull market in T-Bonds ended around July 2020. On account of past strong increases in money supply the process of wealth generation has probably weakened significantly. This we suggest has set in motion the decline in the inflationary credit momentum and the consequent decline in the momentum of money supply.
As a result, this is expected to set in motion a visible rise in long-term interest rates. Attempts by the Fed and the Government to counter economic slump is likely to weaken further the pool of wealth and make the economic climate much more severe.
Note that once the pool of wealth is starting to decline aggressive monetary and fiscal policies can only weaken this pool thereby weakening the heart of economic growth. If loose monetary and fiscal policies could strengthen the pool of wealth, then world poverty would have been eliminated a long time ago.
